WASHINGTON—Leland Dudek had spent more than a decade at the Social Security Administration, including time overseeing a fraud investigation office, but was largely unknown to senior executives at the agency.

Attempts by the so-called Department of Government Efficiency, or DOGE, to seek access to the Social Security Administration’s database have sparked concern that it could compromise people’s private financial and medical information and could lead to a disruption in benefits.

Michelle King, a 30-year veteran of the Social Security Administration, resigned under pressure over the weekend after resisting DOGE efforts to access sensitive information.